Margherita Ganeri (Università della Calabria)
«Guerra è sempre!». Primo Levi e il Lager come metafora estrema del mondo contemporaneo.
Lezione preparatoria alla Giornata della MemoriaUniversità della Calabria, 14 gennaio 2009.
Nell’aprile del 1986 Primo Levi pubblica I sommersi e i salvati, in cui il ricordo della propria prigionia nel campo di concentramento di Auschwitz si congiunge, nella percezione distancing of the time gap that separates it from the experience, with a general reflection on the meaning of the camps for the contemporary history, as well as the sense of reintegration of the survivors in the world after Auschwitz. Who are overwhelmed and who are saved? The sums are, of course, those who lost their lives in the camp, while the saved are the veterans. They, however, are not saved, because for them the camp continues to exist as a reality of indelible memories, and then as a dimension always present, although hidden, the perception of the world. The camp is the equivalent reverse of what is perceived on the surface, and can not look bad, and indeed, mendacious, look good and positive. Behind the removal of evil, the reality of the camp underground, which saved the know, is the only real and true, and is the only truth against illusion and touching final de oblio.Nel The truce, which recalls the poetry in ex post The camp re-emerges in the dreams of the survivors as a dimension that, in contrast, makes them feel the daytime life as a dream, an illusion, a fiction. The alarm call of the dawn, that every prisoner is concerned, and together - only in a dream? - Almost like, in a gray Dante indefinitely, in an invincible and almost supernatural loneliness is terrible because it takes away any illusion, but for this to be primarily seen as a metaphor for the existential human condition. If the camp is a place for Levi-laboratory in which we experience almost scientifically, under extreme conditions, the struggle for life, and in which stripping the very essence of man, because it proves useless and superfluous compared to simple only basic biological instincts, the camp is also 'the Fund', which catalyzes the magnetic shadow, finally, in his paradoxical extremism and evil, and always latent negative forces at work in the so-called civilized world. This is why the camps, Levi writes, is located at the end of a chain running from the slightest abuse or discrimination, racial or otherwise. It is the terminus always accessible and always in danger of being reached by modern societies. The message that we can draw is that, once you understand this correlation, Lager from anyone, not even the reader can get out again. "War is always," The words spoken, after the liberation, in The Truce, by Mordo Nahum , the action man disinclined to culture, which admonishes me first explain that in war we must think first and then to shoes to food, not vice versa: without shoes because you can not go around looking viveri.Il narrator says that he including the universal truth that man is wolf to man, and always to share the bitter conclusion that war is always there, and not only because the conflicts and violence, as in Cambodia, continue to break out well after the end of World War II. But if war is always, the camp is always, in every historical period and geographic latitude. The tragic experience of the field can not be said to be never-ending, because it is ready at any time in riapparire.I Drowned and the Saved concludes, therefore, also composed the trilogy If This Is a Man and The Truce, by elevating the discourse on the Holocaust from the floor the extermination of the testimony to that of reflection sull'annientamento psychological, moral and intellectual of modern man. The anti-modern man is not only the victim, but also the executioner. Both have suddenly lost all of humanity. That is the prospect of Levi is not that of historical analysis, more or less affected, against the Nazis or Kapo, but it is the denunciation of dehumanization that always stirs in the depths of modern human society. The camp becomes the extreme metaphor, the terrible truth of the world last contemporaneo.Così represented, the camp is also raised as an allegory of an intellectual problem of paramount importance in the sense that symbolically sums up the problem of the relationship between the intellectual and world. The task of the intellectual is not only in the effort to feed the memory of the past, but is identified with the ambition to demonstrate the perennial contemporaneity of the camp, its radical immanence in the present. In this sense, the message of Levi is also important as an antidote to the rhetoric of any memory of the Holocaust now become rampant, and much more at a time like ours, where the old have become victims of killers (as in conflict Istrael-Palestine), and where other forms of Lager born and multiply in many parts of the world, and also by us (just think of the CPT, or to labor camps for immigrants enslaved by fellow revived transformed into sarcoma). It makes sense to consider the problem of a reflection on intellectualism and Auschwizt? It is legitimate to raise the memory of Auschwitz, meaning not only as a factory of death, suffering, terror, misery, but also as the place where it was put in place the destruction of the intellectual, for the successful large-scale verification of its uselessness and insignificance? As it may seem strange at first sight (in fact you could argue that many other horrors were more important in the camps, the destruction of the intellectual), but the question is not only legitimate but also crucial, and the rest Central, as well as Levi, Jean Amery also (especially in its Intellectual in Auschwitz) and, in slightly different form, because it is linked also to a religious perspective, in Viktor Frankl. Se per quest’ultimo la sofferenza, anche quella estrema del Lager, è una prova che rimanda a Dio, e se la logoterapia dimostra che il senso della vita può essere sempre ritrovato, anche nel Lager, per Amèry, compagno di baracca di Levi per un breve periodo, ad Auschwitz l’intellettuale è morto, perché la fiducia nel mondo è stata irrimediabilmente distrutta.Pur proponendo un bilancio lucidamente negativo, assai più vicino a quello di Améry che non a quello di Frankl, Levi non ha però perso del tutto la fiducia nell’uomo e nel valore civile del mandato dell’intellettuale. La scrittura si riconferma per lui un valore e un’arma contro la consunzione della memoria, che sempre si corrode, intertwined with the lie. The function is identified with the intellectual capacity to take forward alert and aware of the camp, not as limited and historically episode ended, but as always contemporary reality against which to struggle constantly.
Nell’aprile del 1986 Primo Levi pubblica I sommersi e i salvati, in cui il ricordo della propria prigionia nel campo di concentramento di Auschwitz si congiunge, nella percezione distancing of the time gap that separates it from the experience, with a general reflection on the meaning of the camps for the contemporary history, as well as the sense of reintegration of the survivors in the world after Auschwitz. Who are overwhelmed and who are saved? The sums are, of course, those who lost their lives in the camp, while the saved are the veterans. They, however, are not saved, because for them the camp continues to exist as a reality of indelible memories, and then as a dimension always present, although hidden, the perception of the world. The camp is the equivalent reverse of what is perceived on the surface, and can not look bad, and indeed, mendacious, look good and positive. Behind the removal of evil, the reality of the camp underground, which saved the know, is the only real and true, and is the only truth against illusion and touching final de oblio.Nel The truce, which recalls the poetry in ex post The camp re-emerges in the dreams of the survivors as a dimension that, in contrast, makes them feel the daytime life as a dream, an illusion, a fiction. The alarm call of the dawn, that every prisoner is concerned, and together - only in a dream? - Almost like, in a gray Dante indefinitely, in an invincible and almost supernatural loneliness is terrible because it takes away any illusion, but for this to be primarily seen as a metaphor for the existential human condition. If the camp is a place for Levi-laboratory in which we experience almost scientifically, under extreme conditions, the struggle for life, and in which stripping the very essence of man, because it proves useless and superfluous compared to simple only basic biological instincts, the camp is also 'the Fund', which catalyzes the magnetic shadow, finally, in his paradoxical extremism and evil, and always latent negative forces at work in the so-called civilized world. This is why the camps, Levi writes, is located at the end of a chain running from the slightest abuse or discrimination, racial or otherwise. It is the terminus always accessible and always in danger of being reached by modern societies. The message that we can draw is that, once you understand this correlation, Lager from anyone, not even the reader can get out again. "War is always," The words spoken, after the liberation, in The Truce, by Mordo Nahum , the action man disinclined to culture, which admonishes me first explain that in war we must think first and then to shoes to food, not vice versa: without shoes because you can not go around looking viveri.Il narrator says that he including the universal truth that man is wolf to man, and always to share the bitter conclusion that war is always there, and not only because the conflicts and violence, as in Cambodia, continue to break out well after the end of World War II. But if war is always, the camp is always, in every historical period and geographic latitude. The tragic experience of the field can not be said to be never-ending, because it is ready at any time in riapparire.I Drowned and the Saved concludes, therefore, also composed the trilogy If This Is a Man and The Truce, by elevating the discourse on the Holocaust from the floor the extermination of the testimony to that of reflection sull'annientamento psychological, moral and intellectual of modern man. The anti-modern man is not only the victim, but also the executioner. Both have suddenly lost all of humanity. That is the prospect of Levi is not that of historical analysis, more or less affected, against the Nazis or Kapo, but it is the denunciation of dehumanization that always stirs in the depths of modern human society. The camp becomes the extreme metaphor, the terrible truth of the world last contemporaneo.Così represented, the camp is also raised as an allegory of an intellectual problem of paramount importance in the sense that symbolically sums up the problem of the relationship between the intellectual and world. The task of the intellectual is not only in the effort to feed the memory of the past, but is identified with the ambition to demonstrate the perennial contemporaneity of the camp, its radical immanence in the present. In this sense, the message of Levi is also important as an antidote to the rhetoric of any memory of the Holocaust now become rampant, and much more at a time like ours, where the old have become victims of killers (as in conflict Istrael-Palestine), and where other forms of Lager born and multiply in many parts of the world, and also by us (just think of the CPT, or to labor camps for immigrants enslaved by fellow revived transformed into sarcoma). It makes sense to consider the problem of a reflection on intellectualism and Auschwizt? It is legitimate to raise the memory of Auschwitz, meaning not only as a factory of death, suffering, terror, misery, but also as the place where it was put in place the destruction of the intellectual, for the successful large-scale verification of its uselessness and insignificance? As it may seem strange at first sight (in fact you could argue that many other horrors were more important in the camps, the destruction of the intellectual), but the question is not only legitimate but also crucial, and the rest Central, as well as Levi, Jean Amery also (especially in its Intellectual in Auschwitz) and, in slightly different form, because it is linked also to a religious perspective, in Viktor Frankl. Se per quest’ultimo la sofferenza, anche quella estrema del Lager, è una prova che rimanda a Dio, e se la logoterapia dimostra che il senso della vita può essere sempre ritrovato, anche nel Lager, per Amèry, compagno di baracca di Levi per un breve periodo, ad Auschwitz l’intellettuale è morto, perché la fiducia nel mondo è stata irrimediabilmente distrutta.Pur proponendo un bilancio lucidamente negativo, assai più vicino a quello di Améry che non a quello di Frankl, Levi non ha però perso del tutto la fiducia nell’uomo e nel valore civile del mandato dell’intellettuale. La scrittura si riconferma per lui un valore e un’arma contro la consunzione della memoria, che sempre si corrode, intertwined with the lie. The function is identified with the intellectual capacity to take forward alert and aware of the camp, not as limited and historically episode ended, but as always contemporary reality against which to struggle constantly.
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